Holden and Phoebe

In a frenzy of sadness and frustration on the night that Allele died, Holder smashed all the windows in his garage with his bare fists. I was only thirteen, and they were going to have me psychoanalysis and all, because I broke all the windows in the garage. I don't blame them. I really don't. I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddamn windows with my first Just for the hell of it. My hand still hurts me once in a while, when it rains and all, and I can't make a real fist any more†¦ Although Holder is innocent, he is not naive. Society has affected him to the extent that he is aware of the cost of things, but wastes his money on taxis, as he wants to avoid the phones on buses. He refers to the value of his coat, his cases, his typewriter and even his pens, but he does not cherish his possessions as he gives his typewriter away and lends his coat to Seedeater. When his gloves were stolen, the only thing he cared about was that he became cold.When he was a child he lost his belongings – so now as a teenager he fails to take his change and hates people ho spend time at posh restaurants and popular bars; yet there is a hypocritical side to him which makes him take taxis, go to bars, cinemas and theatres, and stay in hotels. Society has taken everything from Holder, both of his brother's presence and his parents Seedeater borrows all he owns, his clothes and even the girl he loves.His possessions are stolen at school. Because of all of this, he feels he must reject society. It is not surprising that he feels he must turn to children; after all, they are a symbol of innocence, and they have not rejected him. He says that he would like to e ‘The Catcher in the Rye', who is a fictional character in a Burns poem, who stops children running off the edge off cliff whilst playing in rye fields.This analogy epitomizes the only future Holder can see for himself. Phoebe is the only person Holder trusts. Her sanity and naturalness re stores confidence of society in Holder. Due to his love from Phoebe a complete breakdown by the pond, and from a pointless escape later. Holder hates hypocrites and phones, but meets few people who are honest, so he generalizes and says there are phones all around him, another thing that makes IM an outcast of society.Even his teachers are phones; Mr. Spencer acts in front of the headmaster, and the headmaster performs in front of the rich parents and Mr. Anatolian appears to have crooked morals. Holder's parents are absent in his life, his dad is a lawyer who is very strict as seen in â€Å"Daddy will kill you† he also doesn't show affection towards Holder. Holder's mother isn't very interested in neither his nor Phoebe's lives as when she catches Phoebe smoking, as all she says is â€Å"l don't like that, Phoebe. I don't like that at all. † (159)

Reflection on Global Operation Management Essay

Pietra Rivoli who is an associate professor in the Georgetown University, specializes in finance and social issues, and is the author of the book, ‘The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy’. The main reason which instigated Rivoli to write this book, was a speech a student had given at the Georgetown University, the student was severely criticizing globalization, and asking about who made the T-shirts they were wearing. She told some facts about child labor in India and Vietnam, which made everybody, sit up and think, including Rivoli. Rivoli then starts on a journey to find out some interesting facts about the origin of the T-shirt. Her case study starts in Texas at the home of Nelson Reinch, who produces enough cotton for more than 1.3 million T-shirts. Reinch and his colleagues control the whole world market of cotton, through hard work, determination, modern technology and much needed discounts from the government. Reinch was no where in comparison to the poor farmers in India and Africa, who did not have proper funds or government support in marketing their goods. Rivoli’s next stop was China, were she met a young woman Yuang Zhi, who spun the yarn for the fabric and sewed the shirt. This young lady worked for 50 hours a week, and earned nearly $150 per month. This woman’s working conditions were far better than the conditions in which women had to work previously in Manchester and England. This was probably the woman’s first encounter with independence and identity, which came in the form a paycheck, even though it was a small amount.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important point which was very surprising was that, throughout the world there must be millions of people who manufacture cotton, but the manufacturers from Texas were totally dominating the cotton industry, because of their shrewd manner by which they manage to avoid competition. These manufacturers manage to control the market by avoiding the labor market, which make the other manufacturers unable to compete with them due to no government and political assistance, lack of proper education and money. People who support globalization vow by the free trade of clothes, as it can be used to the advantage of the poorer countries. Rivoli was surprised to find that how recycled clothes from the USA were a rage in Tanzania. Used clothes from America get imported in huge quantities to Tanzania. Tanzania is a small country which was slowly proceeding towards a more liberal capitalist system from the socialist model. People are able to freely take part in the daily auctions of the clothes at the market place, and merchants are also making a mark for themselves in the cutthroat markets as consumers or retailers. Rivoli feels that free trade should be encouraged without any government or political interference in the markets. According to the author, United States is on the top of the market whereas Africa is at the bottom; she feels that USA will have a better chance to make progress economically if they give a reasonable chance of competition to other poorer countries. Tanzania is a proper example of how a free market should work, and these markets are extremely professional, but do not get acknowledged, because of the low capital raised through such markets, which is not significant. Two of the most important principles which need to be followed are that, government and political interference should not be there in any market. Another point is that the subsidy which US government gives the cotton manufacturers is indirectly harming other poorer countries. Rich people are becoming wealthier and the poor are becoming poorer. If the subsidies are reduced, the price of cotton can be increased, which would be beneficial to other poorer markets. Another important point which is a shock is that the clothes that people donate, are not given away freely to poor people, but are sold to middlemen for huge profits, which later land in the streets of   the Tanzania marketplace. Some of the most important principles which can be followed by other industries also are that free market in any trade should be encouraged, and people should have the power to voice their demands, meaning a free democracy should be prevalent to achieve a fruitful society. Government should support free trade in any industry, and should provide the necessary platform in the form of proper education and capital to help the markets grow. Some of the other reasons for the trouble that African industries are facing are the lack of proper authority, which is due to no proper education, corruption and insecurity. The author Rivoli made a very good job of the book, she was successful in exposing the secrets and complications of the cotton trade globally.   Her views on free trade and liberal democracy are very interesting, and should be followed by the authorities of the poorer countries for a better society. On the whole she succeeded in voicing her thoughts and opinions on the recycle market in Tanzania, and hopefully, their government will provide a strong platform for such global trades. References Kris Hundley, What a T-shirt Teaches Series., St Petersburg Times, 4 October 2007, . Lauren Dorsey, Lauren Barbieri, Zack Thomas, ‘The Travelers of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy, by Pietra Rivoli’, 4 October 2007, .

Research about National Museum Essay

The National Museum of the Philippine is the official repository established in 1901 as a natural history and ethnography museum of the Philippines. Some of the historical artifacts, instruments, and other things came from Philippine ancestors. One of the things that are restored here was the Spolarium 1884 a National Cultural Treasure by Juan Luna. National Museum has a very important role in our country to preserve the things we have from the past. National Museum gives the people information about the things we learned from the school especially for the students. National Museum of the Philippines must improve the location, the areas inside the museum and other information inside it. It is because this museum is one of the major attractions in Manila and also in the Philippines. Improving or developing the surrounding and some areas of National Museum will help the country to gain more tourists because of the curiosity of the tourist to know more about the history hidden from the past in the Philippines. This museum will help the tourist to give importance in the culture of the Philippines have. This chapter represents the background of the study about the developing plan of National Museum of the Philippines. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY National Museum of the Philippines is one of the major attractions here in Manila. Its image inside and outside of the museum must attract more international and local tourists. Also, this attraction will benefit the students from their studies in histories and other subjects like sciences. Nowadays, the community of Manila was starting to develop its image to improve its service for the tourists and attract more people to visit this  place. Some people suddenly had forgotten its treasure inside the museum. Only few people visit this place and some of this is students. People nowadays don’t appreciate its beauty and think it was a boring attraction for them. People usually seek some adventurous place to visit and make them satisfied in their vacation. But the National Museum of the Philippines make some events and exhibit to expose the things inside the museum. They also welcome new inventions and new things came from the people in this era. The planners gather some data about the things that should be develop inside and outside the museum. Planners think of some ideas how to prevent its decline opportunity to cater the Philippines to be a one of the treasure attraction in Manila. Some of the recommendation and plans will help the people who handled the museum to implement and develop the museum. This paper focuses on the developing plan inside and outside of the Philippine National Museum. It deals in the idea to preserve and attract more people or tourist to know more about the historic and treasured place in Manila and all over the Philippines. OTHER INFORMATION FOR NATIONAL MUSEUM This is the current picture of The National Museum of the Philippines. National Museum is the repository and guardian of the Philippines’ natural and cultural heritage. As one of the lead government cultural agencies, it is tasked to achieve the goals of instilling cultural consciousness and a sense of pride and nationalism among Filipino citizens through its activities covering the sciences, education and culture. Established in 1901 as an ethnography and natural history museum, and subsequently housed in its present building which was designed in 1918 by the American Architect, Daniel Burnham, the National Museum has since then broadened its concerns in the arts and sciences. Today, it occupies the main building (former Old Congress Building) where the arts, natural sciences and other support divisions are housed and the adjacent former Finance building in the Agrifina Circle of Rizal Park now called The National Museum of the Filipino People where the Anthropology and Archa eology Divisions. The Vision Statement of the National Museum is â€Å"A Filipino nation, unified by a deep sense of pride in their common identity, cultural heritage and natural patrimony and imbibed with the spirit of nationalism and strong commitment to the protection and preservation of their legacy.† The National Museum has a tri-dimensional goal covering diverse fields of knowledge through various educational, scientific and cultural activities. As an educational institution, the National Museum disseminates scientific and technical knowledge in more understandable and practical forms through lectures, exhibitions, interviews, and publications for students and the general public. As scientific institution, the National Museum conducts basic research programs combining integrated laboratory and field work in anthropology and archaeology, geology and paleontology, botany and zoology. It maintains reference collections on these disciplines and promotes scientific development in the Philippines. As a cultural center, the National Museum has taken the lead in the study and preservation of the nation’s rich artistic, historic and cultural heritage in the reconstruction and rebuilding of our nation’s past and venerating the great individuals who helped in the building hou sed. One of the artifacts that National Museum features is the â€Å"Spolarium† which is in a Latin word referring to the basement of the Roman Colosseum where the fallen and dying gladiators are dumped and devoid of their worldly possessions. It is the most valuable oil-on-canvas painting by Juan Luna, a Filipino educated at the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura (Philippines) and at the Academia de San Fernando in Madrid, Spain. With a size of 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters, it is the largest painting in the Philippines. A historical painting, it was made by Luna in 1884 as an entry to the prestigious Exposicion de Bellas Artes (Madrid Art Exposition, May 1884) and eventually won for him the First Gold Medal. In 1886, it was sold to the Diputacià ³n Provincial de Barcelona for 20,000 pesetas. It currently hangs in the main gallery at the ground floor of the National Museum of the Philippines, and is the first work of art that  greets visitors upon entry into the museum. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. What is the promotional strategy of Philippine National Museum as one of the tourist attraction in Manila? 2. How does the host community will help the Philippine National Museum in sustaining their tourist arrival? 3. How does a foreign tourist will help the Philippine National Museum in preserving and improving the Museum? 4. Is the existing situation of Philippine National Museum is enough to increase tourists? 5. What are the other tourism development opportunities in Philippine National Museum? OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1. To know the promotional strategy of Philippine National Museum as one of the tourist attraction in Manila. 2. To know how the host community will help the Philippine National Museum in sustaining their tourist arrival. 3. To know how local tourists will help the Philippine National Museum in preserving and improving the Museum. 4. To know if the existing situation of Philippine National Museum is enough to increase tourists. 5. To know what are the other tourism development opportunities in Philippine National Museum. CHAPTER 2 INFORMATION ANALYSIS I. Tourism Issues and Development Opportunities Resources Feature Issues Tourism Development Opportunities Tourism Development Constraints Quality Disseminating more information about what the Philippine National Museum can give some benefits to our country. The promotion of this attraction can give the museum to attract more tourists to go here and to maintain the nature of the museum. It will also help the museum to maintain the quality they give to all visitor coming to them In current situation of the museum, there is ongoing renovation. So the media can’t easily provide any information about the plans of the museum. Only if the museum already done in renovating the can promote the museum easily. Uniqueness The museum will help to tell the history of the Philippines. It includes the culture, arts and historical materials inside the museum. It will give more information to all tourists coming in the museum about the history and other special things and events from the past of the Philippines. Some of the tourist, visitor and other traveler want an adventure kind of tour. Some of the tourists did not satisfy what a museum give to them. Appeal The maintenance of the structure, other facilities inside the Philippine National Museum and other attraction around the museum. Beautiful attraction can attract more visitors especially if the structure of the building inside and outside is good enough to satisfy what the tourist needs to know about the museum. The Philippine National Museum is ongoing renovation and construction in some area. But it will help the museum to attract more tourists after the renovation. II. SWOC ANALYSIS STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES CHALLENGES Philippine National Museum is in Manila only. It will benefit the student for their tours or field trip. It will help for the researches and other things that are needed in collecting the data about the Philippines. There is always a traffic or congestion within the area. Only few people know about the information about the museum. Some of the travelers do not like to visits museums Some traveler was not interested about what the Philippine National Museum have Some city tour can include the Philippine National Museum. Job opportunities for all the workers of tourism management. Increase number of tourist coming in the Philippines. Increase number of visitor n Manila. Worsening the traffic problems in Manila. Competition in other nearby tourist attraction. Unpredictable weather condition. Quality of the new maintenance of the building. TOURISM ACTIONS PLAN GOAL: To help the Philippine National Museum in having a unique tactic in promoting their Museum. OBJECTIVES: To know the promotional strategy of Philippine National Museum as one of the tourist attraction in Manila. GOAL: To inform local community about the possible effect in their lifestyle. OBJECTIVES: To know how the host community will help the Philippine National Museum in sustaining their tourist arrival. GOAL: To ascertain that local tourists can give sufficient funds or support to preserve and to improve the museum. OBJECTIVES: To know how local tourists will help the Philippine National Museum in preserving and improving the Museum. ACTIONS STEP BY KEY PLAYER 1. A fare in each people who are arriving in the museum. Government 2. Provide a learning trip for all students in awareness about museums. Government and Host GOAL: To encourage government in improving the Philippine National Museum. OBJECTIVES: To know if the existing situation of Philippine National Museum is enough to increase tourists. ACTIONS STEP BY KEY PLAYER 1. To renovate the museum. Government 2. Provide a sufficient fund in upgrading the facilities of the museum. Government GOAL: Provide Job opportunities. OBJECTIVES: To know what are the other tourism development opportunities in Philippine National Museum. ACTIONS STEP BY KEY PLAYER 1. Allow the museum to have tour guides, more security companion. Government 2. To promote as one of the best museum and attract more tourist here in the Philippines. Government

Law ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Law ethics - Essay Example A business involves financial and non-financial costs. Labour and equipment are financial costs that any business entails. On the other hand, an ethical business also incurs non-financial costs of environmental impacts like noise. Thus, such ethical businesses also strive to minimize non-financial costs by taking up the responsibility of causing little or no harm to the people and environment (Kreng 11). The case of product default as explained to me by Doug is of great concern to the general public, and even the employees at Green Moves. The products of the company have to be environmental friendly. I fully understand as a new employee that I should abide by the policies of this given company. However, my position should not be compromised by intimidation. In business, ethical responsibilities include actions and activities that are certainly not systemized in the law, and do not directly serve the company’s economic needs. The moral incentives that guide the business are ass ociated with doing the right things and prevent any harm without any external force or legal restraints. Every organization should have the responsibility of taking part in society in a cooperative manner. Business people recognize their self-presence in the society based on the fact that, business and societies go hand in hand. Business cannot progress without society and society cannot move ahead without business. Hence, every company must realize the presence of the society, which will in turn be important in increasing demand for amorally responsible business. For being ethical, organizations need to have good decision makers who perform their duties with justice, equality, fairness, neutrality, and value the rights of other people. Ethical behaviour requires the organization to treat individuals with fairness in their dealings relevant to the goals and objectives of the organization. Immoral and unethical actions take place when a decision leads a person or firm to benefit at t he cost of another person or the society as one. Ethical responsibilities comprise of those practices and actions that are prohibited by the society even if the law has not stated it. It represents the standards, norms and criterion that invoke a thought of concern for the customers, employees, shareholders, and all stakeholders including the community. Therefore, ethical responsibility should be carried out in line with the desired ethical standards and the expectation of the societal customs and values. It is also important to accept and acknowledge the new, dynamic and developing ethical norms and values that have been adopted in modern societies today. However, companies should not in any way use the ethical norms to achieve their own goals. Ethical standards should not be negotiated or compromised in any way for the achievement of corporate goals (Kreng 45). Organizations also need to ensure they do not cause greater damage to the environment they are operating in, as well as e mploy strategies for minimizing any sort of damage to the societies. This is referred to as the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), with many of the businesses today adopting its use in achieving their long term goals. Henceforth, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be best defined as a business obligation to contribute towards prolonged economic development, operating with workers, their families, the immediate communities, and society as

International business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International business - Research Paper Example Vehicle and real estate consumption was is also in a decline falling 1.3% in January with an 80% vacancy in the tourist destination of Haikou and Sanya indicating that there is not much extra cash floating around. The reason attributed behind the Chinese economic slowdown is the lessening of its stimulus spending. The latest stimulus program that had been implemented was three years ago and Chinese authorities are not seemed keen on implementing another stimulus spending again. It is now seemed aware that the previous stimulus spending activities resulted in overbuilding that they are now cautious to overspend so as not to add to the already massive overcapacity of the Chinese economy that would run the risk of overheating. As an alternative, the Chinese government are encouraging investment from private enterprises. Although it is not admitting that it is wary of the seeming decline of its growth, China is now more concern with maintaining its growth so that it will not slid to a

Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Essay

Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing - Essay Example As a consequence, it led to the establishment of the Committee on The Robert Wood Johnson (RWJF) initiative on the Future of Nursing. This committee established a vision for the transformation of the health care system to deal with these issues (American Nurses Association, 2011). This initiative was dabbed Campaign for Action, released in October 2010. The objective of this article is to explore the work of the RWJF at the Institute of Medicine that resulted in the Institute of Medicine report, â€Å"Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.† Background Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) approached IOM in 2008 to create a two-year initiative regarding the prospects of nursing, with the main objective of recommending an action-oriented blue-print for nursing future. The recommendations included the necessary changes in public and institutional policies at the local, national, and state levels (American Nurses Association, 2011). During deliberation, The IOM committee established four key messages which dominated the recommendations and discussion represented in the report (Institute of Medicine, 2010): a) Nurses should practice fully in line with their training and learning b) Nurses ought to undergo higher training with the help of improved system of education that encourages academic development c) Nurses ought to partner fully with doctors and health professionals in redesigning the United State’s health care d) Effective workforce policy making and planning need an improved information infrastructure and better data collection. Importance of the IOM "Future Of Nursing" Report Related To The Nursing Workforce The recommendations of IOM report are of immense importance to patients, nurses and the profession at large. For instance, the recommendation that the role of nurses be expanded recognizes the need to give nurses the opportunity to practice in line with their professional learning and training (O'Neil & Coffman, 2008). This gives nurses the opportunity to transform the complex health care system in order to meet the future needs, with highly educated nurses who are at liberty to practice in accordance with their academic qualifications. This is instrumental in development and implementation of policies that focuses on closing the gaps of health care delivery system to patients (Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, 2011). The freedom to practice enables nursing profession to move into the intermediary opportunities established by health care reform which have impacted on everyone in their family for generations (American Nurses Association, 2011). The IOM report is also beneficial as it would help in expansion of nursing faculty, increasing the nursing school’s capacity and ensuring that nursing education is redesigned so as to be able to produce adequate competent nurses to cope with the current and prospective health needs. This would help in reducing the number of the nursing shortage within United States, thus improving the quality of health care standards (American Nurses Association, 2011). Future of Nursing Intention The reason behind the Campaign for Action initiative is to work towards addressing the rising need for care by the application of the nurses’ experiences, talents, skills, and knowledge. The campaign was also initiated to provide guidance toward the execution of the suggestions of IOM’

Debating Immigration into Western Countries Essay

Debating Immigration into Western Countries - Essay Example Processing of unauthorized documents, getting inside US boundaries through under-the table payments, and working and staying for long even by just holding a visiting visa are just of the most common methods that illegal immigrants do. This paper did an in-depth literature search concerning the legal and illegal immigration in the US during the years 2000-2006. This then tackles the relationship of economy, societal and environmental stability, and populace versus the legal and illegal immigrants. It is hypothesized that legal migrants contribute positively to the development of the US economy and even to its culture. Meanwhile, the illegal immigrants are hypothesized to be a great part of the US labor force. They also serve as a large part of the consumer or buying populace. In the same manner, illegal immigrants - despite their illegal status - are also one of the great 'users' and/or 'beneficiaries' of the natural and financial resources of the country. That is why it is of not doubt that illegal immigrants in the US affect, both positively and negatively, the US as a whole. United States of America is one of the very few countries in the world where different values and tradition of the many people in the world submerged. Also, US are becoming a favorite migration country of many people around the world and the main reason is the opportunity that awaits in this country. Many would say that living in the US is a dream most especially if it is in third world country's point of view where most terrorism and poverty are the main problems. That is also why the country is commonly compared to as a salad bowl and a melting pot. Multiculutarlism and cultural Assimilation Multiculturalism or commonly known as a "salad bowl", is much of a new metaphor given to the US and not the "melting pot" or also being termed as cultural assimilation. The melting pot means that if one becomes American citizen, he/she should abide what the proper values and tradition that the American should do or he/she will suffer the consequences. While the "salad bowl" is where American now celebrating the diversity of its traditions where it respects the roots of each individual in order to built a harmonious country. (From Melting Pot to Salad Bowl, 2005). Multiculturalism is when a person who became citizen of another country who obeys and works successfully with his new host country but never disregarded his old beliefs and tradition from his mother country of origin. The following are some of the good examples that will describe up to what extent America is compared to as a salad bowl. One very good example are the Chinese, when one sees them talking to their own natives they still talk most of the time in Chinese but if one will see them in school or business meetings they will speak in English.

Don't Let Your Baby Blues Go Code Red & Sometimes It's Better Just to Coursework

Don't Let Your Baby Blues Go Code Red & Sometimes It's Better Just to Do Less Harm - Coursework Example For example, stories of Lindsay Lohan going to rehab due to drug abuse was highly publicized and people followed closely her treatment process. In the same way, when Brooke Shield wrote about her battle with postpartum depression, the topic generated a lot of public opinion. According to Brody, although postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 20 percent of women, many of these women do not get treatment for this condition (7). I agree with the observation that very few women seek treatment for postpartum depression, mainly because such women are afraid of being branded as bad mothers. As Brody writes, no mother wishes to have experience postpartum depression (7). Rather, the risk factors for postpartum depression include such experiences as complicated labor, problems with a previous pregnancy, and lack of support from family and friends (7). In my opinion, all the cited risk factors are legit considering that such experiences can cause a person develop certain fears especially towards the baby and may even hurt the baby unwillingly, thus the need for psychotherapy services to enable new mothers deal with the postpartum phase. Appearing in the New York Times, â€Å"Sometimes It’s Better Just To Do Less Harm† is an article by Richard Friedman which addresses the hard decisions that doctors have to make with regard to treatment, in terms of trying to risk lesser harm for the purpose of avoiding greater harm (5). Friedman seems to be of the opinion that the first rule of â€Å"do no damage† is not at all times applicable. I hold a similar opinion considering that in some instances, such as being forced to amputate a completely shuttered hand is considerably lesser harm than risking an infection of the entire arm. Friedman proceeds to give an example of Larry, an overweight smoker who has tried quitting smoking but has failed (5). When Larry talks to his doctor about smoking, he speaks in such a dreamy tone, telling of how

China Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

China Economic Development - Essay Example Chinese leader during this period attempted to transfer the heart of agriculture from traditional farming to household activities (Roche, 2010). These reforms extended to price liberalization, in a more gradual way. It became followed by fiscal decentralization (Roche, 2010). Also as part of the undergoing reforms, business enterprises managed by the state became granted independence. This means that, all the government officials found at the local levels and also managers of a number of plants had more authority (Roche, 2010). This led to the development of a number of privately owned firms within the service producing sector, together with the manufacturing sectors (Roche, 2010). Chinese banking system became diversified, and the country’s stock markets began to rise as the country’s economic reforms took hold (Roche, 2010). China began growing at a rapid pace because of these existing reforms and widely opened the shut doors of its economy to the entire globe for tra de opportunities and direct more foreign investment (Roche, 2010). As a nation, it has undertaken a slow but sure method in implementing all of its economic reforms (Roche, 2010). The country has sold the equity of a number of the country’s state banks to foreign companies and also bond markets. Its role in the international market has also grown over the years (Roche, 2010). China's Global Economy The economy of China witnessed some radical transformations after Deng Xiaoping took charge in 1978 (Roche, 2010). The country has transformed from being a highly centrally planned economy to an open economy from his era (Roche, 2010). The country has now transformed to a leading power house for the world’s economy over the past ten years. In Roche’s... this paper tells that China has also a well developed transport and railway network running throughout the country. The country has developed expressways making the container transportation effective. By late 2006, the country had six provinces with close to 2000 (km) of expressway. Also, the length of the country’s railway system is over 77 000 (km), ranking it third in the globe, next to America and Russia. Nevertheless, Japan has a more advanced and well maintained infrastructure, which undergoes regular and constant upgrading and expansion. According to Roche, the country’s private and public sectors take the responsibility of a number of infrastructural services and operate them efficiently. Japan posses a remarkably extensive and highly modern road network that consists of around 1,152,207 kilometers of highways, and 6,114 kilometers of expressways. The length of the rail network in Japan is 23,670 kilometers. More than half of Japan’s rail network is elect rified. The country is also famous for its high-speed trains. The country also has extensive and modern sea and air transport systems. The country’s communication system is also highly advanced consisting of both the public and private providers. To sum up, this paper says that China posses massive sea ports that have the most influential gateways for its foreign trade. Going by the recent record, China ranks first globally in terms of cargo through put by its weight and also by the high numbers of containers it handles.

The Basic Definition of Defamation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Basic Definition of Defamation - Essay Example Also under this law, legally the individual or organization that has been targeted does not have to prove in court that the journalist is wrong, only the fact that the targeted individuals are offended and feels the act will defame him is enough to bring the newspaper and journalist to court an in serious trouble. The Newspaper will have to prove and also the journalist will have to prove their stance on it. Whether after three days they apologize, the targeted individual which is the Rock star punk in this case still has the right to sue them for a certain amount of damages. And he can win in court. The best defense the journalist and the newspaper have is if they prove their story true with actual, factual evidence. But if they fail, the targeted individual can increase the amount of damage, pleading further damage to his goodwill and fame.   (BBC Action Network team, 1) Ans 2) Background:             It was in 1789 that ATCA initiated on the process of software Piracy detection so that piracy claims could be taken care of, in the American courts. Piracy was the terror campaign of its era. (Without a doubt, the lone unambiguous orientation to international law in the U.S. Constitution comes in an article yielding Congress influence to describe and chastise piracies and felonies dedicated on the lofty seas, and offenses alongside the law of nations.) More or less for 200 years, the ATCA had been scarcely used. It was in 1980, in the case of Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the subsequent track permitted two Paraguayan citizens to go ahead with a suit within which it was charging a Paraguayan general with torture - plainly a violation of the law of nations. (KREILKAMP, 1) Under this law, the software piracy done by foreigners is punishable and includes capital punishment in some cases under the law.

The Rise and fall of Enron Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rise and fall of Enron - Research Paper Example It turned out to be an empire every ambitious employee wanted to work for. With human resource demands, consumer demand and investor interest the empire cemented its position in the market as the best business empire ever created. The business empire was known as Enron Corp. Enron drew interest to all analysts and audit companies. Many analysts predicted a downfall of the Company. However, the downfall was long to come by as Enron made business contracts with many small organizations which reduced their risk exposure and increased asset worth. The predicted collapse of the company finally occurred. Form a market value share of $126 per share the share dropped to a record low below 30cents per share. The collapse was very big that no stakeholder in the company was spared. From employees, investors and partners all experienced the harsh conditions. The fall of the company drew criticism towards the government on its efforts to protect investors. The big fall formed the biggest debate i n the corporate world up to date. With the increasing profits of the company a good management will be the only key to keep the company in its successful status. The growth of a company will reflect on the depth of loss it may incur. In the case of Enron the management was up to the task. The company enrolled top educated professions in the industry. With such a talented workforce the status of Enron seemed to be improving. However this was not the real picture behind the profit making company. The management created an internal conflict in the organization. The management came up with a cruel way or ranking employee performance. The ranking was to decide whether an individual will be fired all retained. Mr. Skilling the then director of operations defended the move saying it would improve the performance. Although the performance levels increased, the conflicts between employees opened up a venue of secrecy within the company. The employees ceased to work as a team as each employee sought to impress Skilling. According to the management they ranking systems made employees work harder. To the employees, the ranking dictated their performance since it would determine their fate in the company. False Impression The secrecy culture in the organization infested even the management. The company had looses in its account books but they were not made public. With the profile of the company still protected, more investors and customers became interested in the company. At the first instant the company was able to contain the loss in the finances without the public being informed. The company continued to venture into high risks investment without the consideration of the investments in its stocks and assets. In the 1990s the U.S market was at its peak and investment opportunities were opening up. With the great profile Enron had in the market, it could not resist the urge to invest. The company had inexperienced staff which was not able to compete in the peak season o f the U.S market. The management again downplayed that fact and ventured into many investments in the period. Permitting organizational abuse After the resignation of the C.E.O Kennedy Lay, Skilling was appointed the C.E.O. From the change in the management of the company, games of personal interest took charge on the finances of the company. The share value dropped to $24 per share. In addition to these mistakes, the management still declined to release in public the financial report of the company. Mr. Skilling resigned as

Wine - Yeast Essay Example for Free

Wine Yeast Essay I. Introduction Wines have been one of the favorite beverages in the world. Many Europeans nowadays prefer wine to water as a daily beverage like their ancestors many centuries ago, despite of its bad effects in the health when consumed excessively. Different varieties of the grapes and strains of yeast produce different type of wine. Wines are alcoholic beverage that is usually made from grapes and other fermented juice like apples and berries. The fermentation takes place in the district origin, according to local tradition and practice. Only a relatively small area of the world is â€Å"wine producing. † This is because the grapes will only provide juice of the quality necessary for conversion into a drinkable wine where there must be enough sun to ripen the grape and the winter must be moderate, yet sufficient cool. Wines, which are widely known to be a delicious beverage, are also known for its significant uses. II. Body A. Definition of Wine Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice and other fruits, such as apples and berries. The English word â€Å"wine† comes from the Proto-Germanic â€Å"*winam,† an early borrowing from the Latin vinum, â€Å"wine† or â€Å"grapewine,† itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *win-o. Although other fruits can be fermented, the resultant â€Å"wines† are normally named after the fruits from it produce, like apple wine or elderberry wine, and are generically known as fruit or country wine. Others are made from starch-based materials and resemble beer more than wine, such as barley wine and rice wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In these cases, the use of the term â€Å"wine† is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than production process. The commercial use of the English word â€Å"wine,† and its equivalent in other language, is protected by the law in many jurisdictions. B. History of Wines Archeological evidences suggest that the earliest known production of wine took place from sites in Georgia and Armenia from as early as 8000 – 6000 BC. These locations are all within the natural area of the European grape Vitis vinifera. Dr. Patrick McGovern and his colleagues analyzed the heritage of more than 110 modern grape cultivars through an extensive gene-mapping project in 2006, and narrowed their origin to a region in Georgina, where also wine residues were discovered on the inner surfaces of 8000-year-old-ramic storage jars in Shulavari, Georgina. In his book â€Å"Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture,† McGovern proposes modern-day Georgia and Armenia as the likely sites of the domestication of the Eurasian wine grape some 8000 years ago. Winemaking spread south out there with wines being produced in northwest Iran and Haiji Firuz Tepe by 5400 BC. A little more than 4,000 years later, Near Eastern wine culture had evolved to the point where amphoras found in the palace of Amenhotep III in western Thebes noted vintage, quality, appellation, and even the purpose or occasion for the blend. The very oldest known evidence suggesting wine production in Europe and second oldest in the world comes from archeological sites in Greece also contain remnants of the world’s earliest evidence of crushed grapes. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine which they required it for the Mass. In places like Germany, beer was banned and considered pagan and barbaric while wine consumption was viewed as civilized and a sign of conversion. Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. And old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining while from bastard – bad or tainted bastardo wine. Viticulture foundation the Romans laid in the land that today are world renowned wine regions is one of the lasting legacies of the ancient Roman Empire. Areas with Roman garrison towns, like Bordeaux, Trier, and Colchester, the Romans planted vineyards to supply local needs and limit the cost of long distance trading. In India, viticulture has a long history dating back to the time of the Indus valley civilization where grapevines are believed to have been introduced to Persia sometime in the 5000 BC. The first known mentioning of grape-based wines in the late 4th century BC is the writings of Chanakya who was the chief minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. In his writings, Chanakya condems the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his courts frequent indulgence of a style of grape wine known as Madhu. Wine became a part of recorded history in Egypt, which plays an important role in ancient ceremonial life. Traces of wine were also found in China, dating back from the second and first millennium. A 2003 report by archeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixes with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the early years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolothic sites in Jianhu, Henan contained traces of tartaric acid and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the regions, such as hawthorn, can not be ruled out. If these beverages, which seem to be precursors of rice wine, included grapes rather than other fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild species of grapes in China, rather from vitis vinifera, which were introduced into China some 6000 years later. C. Processes in Winemaking. Winemaking or vinification, is the production of wine, starting with selection of the grapes or other produce and ending with bottling the finished wine. Although most wine is made from grapes, it may also be made from other fruit or non-toxic plant material. Enology is the science of wine and winemaking and the oldest known winemaking operation was discovered in a cave in Armenia, estimated to be 6,100 years old. There are two general categories in winemaking: still wine production (without carbonation) and sparkling wine production (with carbonation). Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees north or south of the equator. The world’s southernmost vineyards are in the Central Otago region of New Zealand’s South Island near the 45th parallel south, and the northernmost are in Flen, Sweden, hust north of the 50th parallel north. 1. Choosing and harvesting the grapes Grapes grow on vines. There are many different types of grapes, but the best wine grape is the European vitis vinifera. It is considered optimal because it has the right balance of sugar and acid to create a good fermented wine without the addition of sugar or water. Vitis vinifera includes all varieties of European origin. Weather is a major factor in determining whether a year is going to be a â€Å"good vintage† (or â€Å"year†). In northern hemisphere, grapes are harvested from early September to early November while mid February to early March in the southern hemisphere. In some cool areas in the southern hemisphere, like Tasmania, harvesting extends to May. Grapes are harvested during the cool morning. The wine grape grower plays a game of chance to winemakers yearly. They must decide when exactly they must harvest to be able to produce fine wines. Simplistically, if they knew it wasn’t going to rain, they would test the Brix (level of sugar) until it was just right, then harvest. If they harvest too soon, they may probably end up getting a wine too low in alcohol content which there won’t have enough sugar to convert to alcohol. These wines will be â€Å"thin. † And if they delay the harvesting, there may be too sugar which leads to too low acid content. This also affects the taste and the aging possibilities of the wine. Harvesting grapes are done through mechanical or manual. The winemakers typically made the decision to harvest grapes and informed by the Brix, acid (Titratable Acidity as expressed by tartaric acid equivalents) and pH of the grapes. Other considerations include phonological ripeness, berry flavor, tannin development (seed color and taste). Overall disposition of the grapevine and weather forecast are taken into account. 2. Initial processes After the grapes have been picked and transported to the winery, certain preparatory steps must be taken before the actual winemaking can begun. Cleanliness and sanitation are essential for good winemaking, as troublesome bacteria can cause disastrous result. Upon arriving at the winery, grapes are treated with 50-70 ppm of free sulfur dioxide. This process is called sulfating, and inhibits the unwanted and wild yeast species on the grapes. Grapes are crushed to get the juice through Pigeage (stomping on it with feet in a big vat). But the easier and more practical way is to use machine which does the crushing and at the same time, removes the stems. Some grapes may bypass the stemmer/crusher and go directly to the process for whole berry pressing. However, the decision about destemming is different for red and white winemaking. Generally, when making white wine, the fruit is only crushed, the stems are then placed in the press with the berries. The presence of stems in the mix facilities pressing allow the juice to flow past flattened skins. These accumulate at the edge of the press. For red winemaking, stems of the grapes are usually removed before fermentation since the stem has relatively high tannin content; in addition to tannin they can also give the wine a vegetal aroma (due to extraction of 2-methoxyl-3-isopropylpyrazine which has an aroma reminiscent of green bell peppers). On occasion, the winemakers may decide to leave them in if the grapes themselves contain less tannin than desired. This is more acceptable if the stem have ripened and started to turn brown. If increase skin extract is desired, a winemaker might choose to crush the grapes after destemming. Removal of stems first means no stem tannin can be extracted in these cases the grapes pass between two rollers which squeeze the grapes enough to separate the skin and pulp, but not so much as to cause excessive shearing or tearing of the skin tissues. In some cases, notably with â€Å"dalicated† red varietals, all or plant of the grapes might be left uncrushed (called â€Å"whole berry†) to encourage the retention of fruity aromas through partial carbonic maceration. 3. Fermentation Through the process of fermentation, the grape juice is turned into alcohol. Grapes on the vine are covered with yeast, molds and bacteria. By putting grape juice into a container at the right temperature, yeast will turn the sugar in the juice into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The grape juice will have fermented. Fermentation is carried out in stainless steel vessels. Yeast also gives flavor to the wine. But the yeast that is on the grape skin when it is harvested may not have the desire flavor. Other things on the outside of a grape are not good for the wine like the acetic bacteria on the grapes which can cause the wine to turn into vinegar. The winemaker can eliminate unwanted yeast’s molds and bacteria, most commonly by using the â€Å"universal disinfectant,† sulfur dioxide. Unfortunately, the sulfites which remain in the wine may cause a lot of discomfort to some wine drinkers. Some winemakers prefer not to do this, and purposely create wines that are subject to the vagaries and different flavors of the yeast that pre-exist on the grapes. The winemakers have many different yeast strains to choose from (and can use strains at the different times during the process for better control fermentation). Saccharomyces is the most common wine yeast. This is a good point to stop and mention â€Å"Brett,† also known as the Brettanomyces strain of yeast (which can be added or come from wild yeast fermentation). As yeast works, it causes grape juice or â€Å"must† to get hot. But if theres too much heat, the yeast wont work. Cooling coils are necessary to maintain a temperature below 30 degrees Celsius. Placing in small oak barrels is still widely used in fermenting wine, even if it is less modern. â€Å"Barrel fermentation is usually done at a lower temperature in temperature controlled rooms and takes longer, perhaps around 6 weeks. The longer fermentation and use of wood contributes to the flavor (and usually expense) of the wine. The skins and pulp which remain in a red wine vat will rise to and float on top of the juice. This causes problems, so the winemaker will push this cap back down into the juice, usually at least twice a day. If it dries out, it’s a perfect breeding ground for injurious bacteria. In large vats, pushing the skin and pulp back down into the juice is accomplished by pumping juice from the bottom of the vat over the top of the cap. Eventually the yeast is no longer changing sugar to alcohol though different strains of yeast, which can survive in higher and higher levels of alcohol, can take over and contribute their own flavor to the wine as well as converting a bit more sugar to alcohol. After all this is completed what you have left are the wine, dead yeast cells, known as lees and various other substances. The winemakers may choose to allow a white wine to undergo a second fermentation which occurs due to malic in the grape juice. When malic acid which is due to bacteria in the wine, it is known as â€Å"malo-lactic fermentation,† which imparts additional flavor to the wine. A buttery flavor in some whites is due to this process. This process is used for sparkling wines. 4. First racking When the fermentation is completed naturally or stopped by the addition of distilled spirit, first racking is carried out. This involves the wine to stand still until most yeast cells and fine suspended material settle out. Then without disturbing the sediments or the yeast, the wine is filtered. 5. Aging The winery may then keep the wine so that there can be additional clarification and, in some wines, to give it a more complex flavors. Flavor can come from the chemicals that make up the wood and are taken up into the wine. The wine is aged in stainless steel tanks. In some instances, the wine is put into oak barrels where it will continue its development until bottling. It may be barrel aged for several months to several years where no air is allowed to enter the barrels during those periods. Ignoring any additional processing that might be used, winemakers could empty the barrels into bottles and sell the wine. However, during the winery aging, the smaller containers may develop differences and the winemaker will probably blend wine from different barrels to achieve a uniform result. The winemaker may also blend together different grape varieties to achieve desired characteristics. 6. Filtration Filtration in winemaking is used to accomplish two objectives: clarification and microbial stabilization. In clarification, large particles that affect the visual appearance of the wine are removed. In microbial stabilization, organisms that affect the stability of the wine are removed therefore reducing the likelihood of re-fermentation or spoilage. Stabilization with respect to tartarates may involve chilling of wine than can be crystallized tartarates and these crystals can be removed by filtration. 7. Pasteurization It may be heat pasteurized or cold pasteurized if the wine has an alcoholic content of less than 14% through microporous filters just before bottling. 8. Bottling Different shaped bottles are often use by the winemakers to denote different types of wine. Colored bottles help to reduce damage by light because light assists in oxidation and breakdown of the wine into chemicals, such as mercaptan, which are undesirable. Bottle sizes can also vary. A final dose of sulfite is added to help preserve the wine and prevent unwanted fermentation in the bottle. The wine bottles then are traditionally sealed with a cork, although alternative wine closures such as synthetic corks and screwcaps, which are less subject to cork taint, are becoming increasingly popular. The final step is adding a capsule to the top of the bottle which is then heated for a tight seal. 9. Storing Wine cellars, or wine rooms if they are above-ground, are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wines. In an active wine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate control system. Passive wine cellars are not climate-controlled and so much be carefully located. Wines can maintain their quality and in some cases improve aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age when properly stored. Some wine experts contend that the optimal temperature for aging wine is 55  °F (13  °C), others 59  °F (15  °C). Wine refrigerators offer an alternative to wine cellars. They are available in capacities ranging from small 16-bottle units to furniture pieces that can contain 400 bottles. Wine refrigerators are not ideal for aging, but rather serve to chill wine to the perfect temperature for drinking. These refrigerators keep the humidity low, usually under 50%, which is below the optimal humidity of 50% to 70%. Lower humidity levels can dry corks out over time, allowing oxygen to enter the bottle and reduce the wines quality. D. Classifications of Wines 1. Table wines Table wines, also called still or natural wines, are consumed mostly with food, they tend to compliment the meal. It is the largest category. The alcoholic strength may be between 9% and 15%, by volume. The wines may be: †¢Red: being fermented in contact with grape skins from which the wine gets it color. Normally dry wines. †¢White: usually produced from white grapes, but the grape juice is usually fermented away from the skins. Normally dry to very sweet. †¢Rose: made in three ways – from black grapes fermented on the skins for up to 48 hours; by mixing red and white wines together; or by pressing grapes so that some color is extracted. It may be dry or semi-sweet. These are called blush wines in the USA when made wholly from grapes. 2. Sparkling wines These are wines that have undergone a second fermentation and thus become effervescent. Semi-sparkling wines are known by the term â€Å"petillant. † Sparkling wines have varying degrees of dryness and flavor and contain 10 to 14 percent alcohol. It includes: champagne, sparkling Burgundy, and sparkling Moselle and are available from France, Spain, Italy, and many other country. 3. Fortified wines Fortified wines, such as Sherry, Vermouth, Port, and Madeira, are most commonly drunk before or after meals. It has been strengthened by the addition of alcohol, usually a grape spirit. Fortified wines are also frequently used in cooking. Fortified wines are known within the European Union as a liqueur wines or vins de liqueur. Their alcoholic strength may be between 15% and 22%, by volume. Flavored and fortified wines are called Aromatized wines. 4. Organic wines These wines are known as â€Å"green† or â€Å"environmentally friendly† wines, are made from grapes grown without the aid of artificial insecticides, pesticides or fertilizers. The wine itself will not be adulterated in any way, save for minimal amounts of the traditional preservatives, sulphur dioxide, which is controlled at source. 5. Alcohol-free, de-alcoholized and low alcohol wines These wines are made in the normal way and the alcohol is removed by hot treatment – distillation – which unfortunately removes most of the flavor as well, or, more satisfactory, by a cold filtration process, also known as reverse osmosis. This removes the alcohol by mechanically separating or filtering out the molecules of alcohol through membranes made of cellulose or acetate. To do this, at a later stage, water and a little must are added, thus attempting to preserve much of the flavor of the original wine. The alcohol-free has the maximum content of 0. 05%, de-alcoholized has the maximum of 0. 05%, and the low alcohol has the maximum of 1. 25% alcohol. 6. Vins doux naturales These are sweet wines that have had their fermentation muted by the addition of alcohol in order to retain their natural sweetness. Muting takes place when the alcohol level reaches between 5% and 8%, by volume. They have a final alcohol strength of about 17%, by volume. E. Tasting of Wines Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines are made up chemical compounds similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar present in the wine. Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. The sommelier, as well as having an extensive knowledge of the wine list, should have a good knowledge of the characteristics of the different wines offered. To ensure this, the sommelier must know the correct approach to tasting wine. Experienced tasters can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape and flavors that can result from other factors in winemaking. Individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules such as estors and terpenes that a grape juice and wine can contain. Typical international flavor elements in wine are those imparted by aging in oak casks; chocolate, vanilla, or coffee almost always come from the oak and hot the grape itself. Tasting may be said to be an analysis of wine by senses. It is the appreciation by the senses of the qualities of a wine: †¢Sight: indicating the clarity and color of the wine. †¢Smell: determines the banquet of a wine by means of a vigorous swirling in the glass. †¢Taste: allows detection of the aroma in the mouth. Banana flavors (isoamyl acetate) are the product of yeast metabolism, as the spoilage aromas such as sweaty, barnyard, band and rotten egg. Some varietals can also have a mineral flavor due to the presence of water0soluble salts (like limestones). Wine aromas come from volatile compound in the wine that is released into the air. Vaporization of these compounds can be sped up by twirling the wine glass of serving the wine at room temperature. For red wines that are already highly aromatic, like Chinon and Beaujolais, many people prefer them chilled. The taste-character of wine is detected in different parts of the mouth but especially by the tongue: sweetness at the tip, acidity on the upper edges, saltiness at the sides, and bitterness at the back. Dryness and sweetness are immediately obvious, as is acidity, which generally provides liveliness and crispness. Astringency or tannin content, associated with some red wines, will give a dry coating effect especially on the teeth and gums. The combination of smell and taste gives what is often termed â€Å"flavor. † This might be for example, the amount of tannin content in the wine, its degrees. of dryness or sweetness, whether it is a light or heavy bodied wine, etc. To appreciate the tasting of wine to the full, the taster must work in the correct environment. That is: †¢No noise to distract the taster †¢Good ventilation to eliminate odor †¢Sufficient light, not artificial, but daylight if possible †¢Temperature of the room at about 20 °C (68 °F) The glass, that must be the correct shape, is the tool of the taster. A wine glass with a stem and of sufficient capacity should be fairly wide but narrowing at the top. This allows the â€Å"elements† making up the bouquet to become concentrated and thus better assessed. The wine glass should never be filled to more than one-third capacity to allow the taster to swirl the wine around the glass more easily. It goes without saying that the tasting glass should be spotlessly clean. F. Uses of Wines 1. In dishes Wines are popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range of European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, for the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated and complex. Wine is important in cuisines not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes. Red, white, and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are known as light wines because they are only 14-20% alcohol content, by volume. Aperitif and dessert wines contain 14-20% alcohol, and sometimes fortified to make them richer and sweeter. And fortified wines are frequently used in cooking. 2. In traditions and religions Wines are also used in religious ceremonies in many cultures and wine trade is of historical importance for many regions. Libations often included wine, and the religious mysteries of Dionysus are usually thought to have uses wine as an entheogen. Wines play an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions. The Kiddush, a blessing said before starting the first and second Shabbat or festival meals and Havdallah, a blessing said after the Shabbat or festival are required to say over wine if available. On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is also required to drink four cups of wine. In the Tabernacle and in the Temple of Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. It is not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception which contributes to the myth of the blood libel. A blessing over wine said before indulging in the drink is: â€Å"Baruch atah Hashem elokeinu melech haolam, boray p’rec hagafen† (Praised be the Eternal, Ruler of the Universe, who makes the fruit of the vine). In Christianity, wine or grape juice is used in a sacred rite called Eucharist, Lord’s Supper, or Communion, which originates in Gospel accounts of the Last Supper when Jesus shared bread and wine with his disciples and commanded his followers to â€Å"do this in remembrance of me. † Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations, which Roman Catholic believing that the bread and the wine are changed into real body and blood of Christ. Wines were used in the rite by all Protestants groups until an alternative arose in 1869. Methodist minister-turned-dentist Thomas Bramwell Welch applied new pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of the grape juice. The substitution of grape juice for wine spread quickly over much of the United States in Protestant rites, although the beverage is usually called wine in accordance with scriptural references. Some Christians who were part of the growing temperance movement pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice. There remains an ongoing debate between some American Protestant denominations as to whether wine can or should be used in moderation for the Eucharist or as a regular beverage. The use of wine is forbidden under Islam. Iran used to have a thriving wine industry that disappeared after the Islamic revolution. G. Health Effects of Wines The health effects of wine (and alcohol in general) are the subject of considerable ongoing study. In the USA, a boom in red wine consumption was initiated in the 1990s by 60 Minutes, and other news reports on the French paradox. The French paradox refers to the lower incidence of coronary heart disease in France than in the USA despite high levels of saturated fat in the traditional French diet. Epidemiologists suspect that this difference is attributed to the high consumption of wines by the French; however this suspicion is based on limited scientific evidence. Population studies have observed a J curve association between wine consumption and the risk of heart disease. This means that abstainers and heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, whilst moderate drinkers have a lower risk. Population studies have also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective, though the association is considerably stronger for wine. These studies have found a protective effect from both red wine as well as white wine, though evidence from laboratory studies suggests that red wine may possess superior health benefits including prevention of cancer due to the fact red wine contains more polyphenols than white wine due to the production process. A chemical called resveratrol is thought to be at least partly responsible for red wines health benefits, as it has been shown to exert a range of both cardioprotective as well as chemoprotective mechanisms in animal studies Resveratrol is produced naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, which includes exposure to yeast during fermentation. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it generally contains lower levels of resveratrol. Other beneficial compounds in wine include other polyphenols, antioxidants, and flavonoids. Red wines from South of France and Sardinia Italy have been found to have the highest levels of procyanidins — the compounds in grape seeds responsible for making red wine good for the heart. Wines from France and Sardinia have between two and four times as much procyanidins as other red wines. Procyanidins suppress the synthesis of a peptide called endothelin-1 that constricts blood vessels. A 2007 study found that both red and white wines are effective anti-bacterial agents against strains of Streptococcus. Interestingly, wine has traditionally been used to treat wounds in some parts of the world. While evidence from both laboratory studies as well as epidemiological (observational) studies suggest wines cardioprotective effect, no evidence from controlled experiments — of which long-term studies are still ongoing — currently exists to determine the specific effect of wine or other alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Moreover, excessive consumption of alcohol including wine can cause some diseases including cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism. Sulphites in wine are not a problem for most people, although some people, particularly people with asthma, can experience adverse reactions to them. Although G. M. Pasinetti, S. S. Percival, et al discovered that cabernet sauvignon red wine reduces the risk of Alzheimers Disease, the researchers at Germanys Gottingen University found that wine damages hippocampus more than other alcohols among diagnosed alcoholics. III. Conclusion Wine is defined to be an alcoholic beverage that is made from the fermentation of grape juice or â€Å"must† and other fruits like berries and apples. The word comes from the Proto-Germanic â€Å"winam. † The term â€Å"wine† is a reference to the higher alcohol content and the commercial use of it and its equivalent in other language is protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Wines have a rich history, dating back around 8000 BC and are thought to have originated in the areas now within the borders of Armenia, Georgia, and Iran. Wine first appeared in Europe at about 4500 BC in Balkans, and was common in Ancient Greece, Thrace, and Rome. Wine had been also in the recorded history of India, Egypt, and China and had been one of the lasting legacies of the ancient Roman Empire. In winemaking or vinification, wines are produced starting with choosing and harvesting of the grapes where the grapes are selected and harvested through machines or hands, to the initial processes of the grapes and fermentation of wines were the grape juice are turned into alcohol, to the first racking where the wines are allowed to stand still, then the wines will aged in stainless tanks or oak barrels and filtration to accomplish clarification and microbial stabilization. Pasteurization will be followed where wines can be heat or cold pasteurized, then bottling and lastly, wines are stored in wine cellars or wine rooms. Wines are classified as the following: Table wines, Sparkling wines, Fortified wines, Organic wines, Alcohol-free, de-alcoholized and low alcohol wines, and Vins doux naturales. Wines are classified through the way they are fermented, their alcohol content, and their uses. Wine tasting is the examination and evaluation of wines through the senses of sight, smell, and taste. Wine tasting should be done in a room that is silent, well-ventilated, well-lighted, and that has a temperature of about 20 °C or 68 °F. Wines are used in dishes especially in European and Mediterranean-style cuisines, and it is not only used as a beverage but also a flavor agent and a cooking tool. Also, wines are used in religions and traditions; it is used in Christian Eucharist ceremonies, the Jewish Kiddush, Islam, and Protestants. In health, wines causes coronary heart disease which abstainers and heavy drinkers have an elevated risk while moderate have a lower risk. It is also found that other alcoholic beverage may be cardioprotective through the association that is considerably stronger that wine. Red wine suggest through the evidence.

Environment And Strategy: Hong Kong Ocean Park

Environment And Strategy: Hong Kong Ocean Park This report is about Ocean Park of Hong Kong one of the largest amusement ocean park in the Orient and even in the world. Situated in financial center of Southeast China this park add some info about park!! In this report we are going to cover such topic as strategy concepts of Ocean Park, external and internal environment of organisation and its corporate, business-level and international strategy. On base of data collected well give our recommendation and advice to CEO and Board of Ocean Park of Hong Kong about Parks strategy to the next 10 years (from 2005 to 2015). The main aim of this report is to provide in-depth strategic analysis to CEO and Board members. Thus, this work is focused on challenges, opportunities and threats of organisation, its culture and economic aspects, strengths and weaknesses of organisation, core competency of ocean park in order to help to improve it in anticipation of arrival of Hong Kong Disneyland. Strategy concepts and vocabulary -Mission (Strategic purpose, not specified) Ocean Park provides all guests with memorable experiences that combine entertainment and education, while inspiring life long learning and conservation advocacy. Our aim is to maintain a healthy financial status, while striving to deliver the highest standards of safety, animal care, products and guest service. http://www.oceanpark.com.hk/html/en/footer/corporate-information/vision.html -create all activities for perfect family holiday -increase involvements of visitors in environmental issues and lives of animals -Goals and objectives to fulfill its mission Boost the number of annual visitors from four million in 2004 to five million by 2010 To make a 0,5 per cent contribution to Hong Kongs gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 (page 7) -Vision (More specified) http://www.oceanpark.com.hk/html/en/footer/corporate-information/vision.html Ocean Park aspires to be a world leader in providing excellent guest experiences in a theme park environment connecting people with nature Become number one marine-based park for each family not only from Hong-Kong but also from mainland China. To be main attraction for all tourists, who visit Hong-Kong -What performance measures would you use to determine the success of Ocean Park? -It is the hometown favorite. It had been a long-time favorite of several generations ((its been operated for more 28 years). Many local people were sympathetic to Ocean Park. People who had visited the park as children were now bringing their own children to visit the park. Its reputation even extended into mainland China. It had become a fixture of Hong Kongs cultural heritage. (p.5) -The number of visitors in 2004 is 4 m of people (with daily maximum capacity 35,000 people). -Total revenue in 2004 was 536, 2 HK$ m comparing to 428,3 HK$ m in 2003, surplus for 2004 year was 95,7 HK$ m comparing to deficit 4,1 HK$ m in 2003. recognizability of new brand (Whiskers became a household name in Hong Kong) -Who are the various stakeholders in Ocean Park organization (how might they impact on its purpose and mission)? Stakeholders, who help to achieve parks purpose and mission: Hong Kong government, Home Affairs Bureau and the Tourism Board, employees of Ocean Park corporation, its visitors (customers). Interfere with achieving parks purpose and mission: Activist groups (certain environmental groups and animal rights activists) forbid of buying and transportation exotic animals to park, trade associations and unions (bus companies and taxi drivers) forbid in building a mass transit railway (MTR), competitors regain market share. External Environment -Conduct a PESTEL analysis for Ocean Park, identify the key driving forces for change facing Ocean Park; Rank key driving forces based on their predictability and potential impact on Ocean Park, then develop some scenarios and identify implications of these scenarios for Ocean Park. PESTEL: Political: Government support Improving relationship between Hong Kong and Mainland China Promotion of tourism the easiness of the restrictions and promotion of the free travel of China in 2003 that helped to inject a new life to the tourism industry of Hong Kong environmental law Economic: Growth and development of the global amusement park industry Disneylands arrival Increasing number of mainland visitors Increasing standards of living in midland China Raise and spend HK$5.55 billion Social: Major events and activities (peak seasons and holiday themes: Chinese New Year, Easter Holiday, Summer Holiday, Halloween and Christmas) Media, advertisement and publicity, required for these special events Change of demographic (Population growth rate, age distribution, size of families) Increasing the cost of labor and more guarantees for employees Negative affect of Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outcome Technological: Development of the amusement machinery industry Increasing popularity of new technologies for consumers (internet, mobile, digital camera) Amortization of park equipment Developing of new transport system (for example, a mass transit railway (MTR)) Research and development activities (creating of new park amusement) Environmental: Opposition from certain environmental groups about the importation of wild animals to Ocean Park Expenses on maintenance of exotic animals Protests of animal rights activists against relocation of animals Climate change (rain season in spring, hot in summer, typhoons in summer) Legal: Approval of Town Planning Board for hotel, Legislative Council for MTR station. Restrictions on mergers Employment laws Key driving forces and their ranking : 1)Global changing in tourism for Hong-Kong and Asia-Pacific region (development of tourism in region) 2)Raise and spend HK$5.55 billion from private and government loans to revamp parks well-worn product line (approval of development plan) 3)Disneylands arrival worldwide success of main competitor-Disneyland, coming to Hong Kong (Disneys success or failure) Binary table of scenarios for Ocean Parks key drivers (in decreasing order of their impact on park): Development of tourism in region Approval of development plan Disneys failure Scenario + + + Successful scenario + + + + Middle scenario + + + + + Failure scenario -Define Ocean Parks industry and conduct a five forces analysis: Which are the dominant forces in the industry? How may the five forces change? What are the underlying dynamics which are driving these five forces, and how may the five forces change? What are the impacts on key competitors and on Ocean Park? What can be done to influence the impact of the five forces? Five forces analysis for amusement park industry: 1) Threat of New Entry In terms of the amusement park industry, the entry barrier is high due to the need to invest large amount of financial resources (for park equipment, human resources maintenance), a lot of time required for parks planning, construction, development and launching, a lot of licenses and legalization required (safety, sanitary, security etc.). In addition to the amusement park required land for a full scale development. This factor is important because Hong Kong has a high land price real estate market. Re-write in own words!!!!! 2) Threat of Rivalry: It is important to consider that with lack of differentiation, visitors choice will greatly over the price and service, thus causes pressure for the intense price and service competition. Due to high threat of rivalry, Ocean Park is implementing different plans and activities such as redevelopment and introduction of new attractions in order to catch the attention of the visitors and differentiate themselves from rivals. There are no rivals with exactly the same range of products. Disneys arrival is only expected. Re-write in own words!!!!! 3) Threat of Substitution: (where this information from I like this point!)) The main threat of substitution is Hong Kong Disneyland Wetland Park, a new international theme park and an educational park (Appendix 2) Apart from this, there are other forms of substitution. From the education side, Hong Kong residents can switch to go to Cultural Centre, Mai Po Wetland, Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Garden. For entertainment purpose, they can visit the Karaoke, Cinema, Game Centre, or have a day trip to China. 4) Bargaining power of buyers (visitors): (where this information from I like this point!) -Tourists Tourists have a low bargaining power as long as must see image successfully built-up and the Park cannot be replaced by other substitutes. Therefore, Ocean Park focuses to build up this image especially in Asia. Local residents The buying power of local resident is high since they have many choices as mentioned above. The switching cost is relatively low. Also, Hong Kong people like new experience and their loyalty to the product are generally low. The Park, therefore, launched difference programs like Big Five events with difference theme each year to bring new excitement and experience to them. Besides, special discount in low season and year pass intent to attract 5) The power of suppliers. Suppliers have quite high power. Thus, construction elements of amusement rides are huge and complicated, thats why park is highly tied with supplier. Otherwise, this market is developed and the choice of suppliers is become greater now. While constructing buildings (hotels, etc) with particular contractor park cant easily change to another contractor because of high switching cost). The situation with the exotic animals is such as Ocean Park can buy in particular country only. Which are the dominant forces in the industry? The dominant forces in the industry are: rivalry, buyers and substitutes. How may the five forces change? Looking forward, the five forces will change in this way: -Rivalry will increase with Disneys arrival; -Buyer power will increase slightly; -Substitute threat will also increase; -Entry threat decrease dramatically; -Supplier power will also decrease. (Exhibit 2.5 p.72) What are the underlying dynamics which are driving these five forces? Aftermath of economic crises and increasing in number of suppliers will decrease supplier power. Disneys arrival decrease entry threat in entertainment park industry. Developing of new technologies will affect rising of substitutes. Also competitors with new technologies will gain (in this aspect Disney has an advantage) Disneys arrival increase demands in diversification of Ocean Parks products. Ticket price advantages (185 HK$ for adult ticket at Ocean Park compared to 295HK$ for the same ticket at Disney). The main rival (Disney) is also same market oriented (families with children). What are the impacts on key competitors and on Ocean Park? Five forces much more affect Wetland park Ocean Parks key competitor, located at the northern part of Tin Shui Wai, in Yuen Long than Ocean Park itself, because Wetland parks products are less differentiated. It has a 10,000m2 visitor centre, Wetland Interactive World, and a 60-hectare Wetland Reserve. (http://www.wetlandpark.com/en/aboutus/overview.asp). Arrival of other competitor Disney and its substitutes doesnt affect much Ocean Park because it has its its own niche. What can be done to influence the impact of the five forces? More differentiation of new products, directed mainly to Chinese native culture will affect rivalry, substitutes and buyers. Unique high-quality products and services also will influence buyers. For seeking suppliers big impact will have Internet and special web-sites with best quality of service, characteristics, recommendations and prices. Conduct a strategic group/space analysis for Ocean Park There are 2 key competitors for Ocean Park: First one is mentioned above Hong Kong Wetland Park. It is a conservation, education and tourism facility, consisted of large visitor centre, Wetland Interactive World and a Wetland Reserve. This park provided visitors with opportunities to observe wildlife, awareness and understanding the values of wetlands throughout the East Asian Region and beyond, wetlands conservation. So, its mainly about wetlands. The Hong Kong Wetland Park is also going to be a world-class ecotourism facility to serve both local residents and overseas tourists.(ttp://www.wetlandpark.com/en/aboutus/mission.asp) Compare to Disneyland and Ocean Park, Hong Kong Wetland Park has different facilities and product range (such as themed exhibition galleries, a theatre, a souvenir shop, an indoor play area), provide different services and thus, like Disney and Ocean Park, has its own niche. The range of facilities provided is the narrowest among 3 parks. Thus, Wetland Park cant meet demand of those visitors, who are looking for excitements and extreme pleasure, which can be found on a rides at 2 other parks. Who are the main visitors? Is it local or global? Is it has the lowest range of facilities than Ocean Park and Disney? Much lower prices. The second one arriving in a nearest future The Hong Kong Disneyland. After 28 years of operating as a near monopoly, Ocean Park would soon have to compete with one of the biggest names in the entertainment and theme park industry. Moreover, Disneyland targets the same group of parks customers families with children. It has well-known brand and reputation. Its the world leader in terms of entertainment. Several of Disneys characters (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Winnie the Pooh) were household names all over the world, including in Hong Kong. Thus, Ocean Parks mascot, Whiskeys, appear lackluster by comparison. Image, which Disney company holds almost for a century (The Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923) and Disneyland itself (first park was opened in 1955) for half a century (compared to 28 years of Ocean park) helps to attract visitors not only from Hong Kong and midland China, but also from different part of the globe, especially those who are from the USA and Europe. Among other advantages of Disneyland are: location: it could be reached in just 10 minutes from Hong Kongs airport and less than 30 minutes from downtown Hong Kong. -at least 5.6 million people were expected to visit the Hong Kong Disneyland during its first year of operation (compared to 4 million of Ocean Park expected visitors). -the price claimed to be the least expensive among the five Disney amusement parks throughout the world. -the area of Disneyland is 310 acres compared to 215 acres of Ocean Park. -5 times greater investment than for Ocean Park. -Expected economic effectiveness is 3 billion more. -world-renowned innovation -high customer service standards Strategic groups within the entertainment and theme park industry in Hong Kong Broad Ocean Park Geographical Scope Global Product range Disneyland Narrow Wetland Park Local Conduct a market segment analysis for Ocean Park: How is the market segmented? How could it be segmented? Where would you position Ocean Parks products and services? Where would you position the competitors products? Ocean Park is a part of entertainment and theme industry. Its market is families with children. Disneyland future competitor applies to the same market. Despite this, Ocean Park has its own niche visitor from midland China. Internal Environment -What resources and capabilities does Ocean Park have? Resources (what a firm has): 1)Tangible: -financial suppliers of money (private and government loans) expected HK$5,6 billion investment; HK$145 billion economic effectiveness; surplus from operations in 2004 was HK$182,2 million on revenues of HK$536,2 million ; -physical Sea World, marine life and real animals:35 rides and attractions; 3 hotels; favorable and convenient location on the southern side of Hong Kong Island; wide range of new activities, such as the Abyss Turbo Drop thrill ride, seasonal and special events, popular water-related activities, interactive activities with animals, edutainment programs, successful Sea Jelly Spectacular and so on. 2)Intangible: long-time reputation of park with government, customers, -new brand sea lion named Whiskers; -cultural heritage of Hong Kong -great number of repeated visitors 3)Human: -37,100 employees, their skills and knowledge; -Thomas Mehrmann, new CEO of Ocean Park, and his previous experience at US-based Six Flags Corporation; Natural and wild life focus (Interactive activities with animals) Recreation and education Capabilities (what a firm can do) -New products, facilities and services development capability continually adding new features and attractions (such as: a new roller coaster, a subzero Ice Palace, 7.6 million liter aquarium with an underwater restaurant, extra 33 animals species, the number of rides doubled to 70), so, become a nearest future one of the best marine-based theme park with strong connection with nature; -Keeping park attractions fresh, novel and exciting, while minimizing costs; research and development, marketing and sales capabilities: plan to refurbish and rename Ocean Parks 2 major areas (the Lowland and the Highland), new hotels to be developed, including a five-star boutique, spa-type hotel this redevelopment plan would be completed in 2012!! recommendation part too!!, plan to open offices in the major urban areas of Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai to enhance promotional activities in Hong Kong and attract more mainland visitors -new incentive compensation, that linked employee compensation to the financial performance of park -What might be the competence of Ocean Park? Core competences resources and competences which are both valuable to customers and difficult to imitate -distinctive work culture, with its own norms and practices -local market loyalty -unique SmartFun Annual Pass program -cultural aspect (cultural heritage of Hong Kong), orientation on specific market segment-mainland Chinese visitors, -long-term reputation, distinct Chinese characteristics -powerful brand -customer trust -primary focus of OP on real nature and wildlife in contrast to Disneys strengths in cartoon characters, castles, virtual reality and fantasy -focused on education and the live animal attractions one of the key elements that will differentiate it from Hong Kong Disneyland when it opens in 2005. (from Echos articles) -cost and differentiation of product (continually adding new features and attractions as well as price advantage over Disney encouraged visitors to return to the park) -The aerial tram that takes visitors from the entrance side of the park over a hill to the rest of the attractions has become a Hong Kong tourism icon-is it still true (from Echos articles) Competitive advantage is explained by the distinctiveness of its resources and capabilities, by offering customers greater value by means of lower prices or greater benefits and service Competitive Advantages of Ocean Park over Disney: -long-time reputation, -hometown favorite, -cultural heritage of Hong Kong, orientation mostly on visitors from midland China -first-mover advantages -no need to engage in high-profile advertising and publicity, rely more on word-of-mouth -more diverse and wide range of products (including Sea World, marine life, real animals plus 35 rides and attractions) price advantage: the admission price for Disneyland is expected more than twice higher for child and one and a half higher for adult than price of Ocean park. And visitors from mainland China are very price sensitive. SmartFun Annual Pass program with unlimited admission to the park for its holders within a year, and discounted prices for food, souvenirs -Infrastructure 3 hotels had been constructed comparing to 2 at Disney. -orientation not only on entertainment, but also on education of visitors, differentiating by focusing on ecology and conservation issues -recognizable brand -In addition to all the American fun at the park, traditional Chinese holidays are still observed (Chinese New Year) -Disney has its characters, but we have flexibility to mix and match and bring in other entertainment (from Echos articles) -Does Ocean Park build its strategy on its resources, capabilities and competences? Yes. Importation of more species Water/Sea-related construction Hotel-better recreation -Are they sustainable? How can they be developed? Sustainable to some extent, but with some limitation. For example, it may face the opposition from environmental group. They cant relay only on resources, capabilities and competences-they need to be developed, innovated and refreshed, because they may begin to look dated and shabby for their visitors. SWOT Analysis Positive impact Negative impact Internal environment Strengths -Diversified and wide range of amusements (thrills, animals, seasonal and special events) -product line revamp -Highly linked with culture of mainland Chinese visitors, knows their demands and behavior -the main, oldest and most famous amusement park in the country (long-time reputation, hometown favorite), -cultural heritage of Hong Kong, -28 years of operating as a near monopoly -no need to engage in high-profile advertising and publicity, rely more on word-of-mouth -strong business connection to the local government (support from the government of Hong Kong and mainland China) -renovation of the parks brand image -mascot as a brand -previous experience of Thomas Mehrmann (new CEO of Ocean Park) in theme park industry (at US-based Six Flags Corporation) -local market loyalty -positive image of park Weaknesses -Located on a hills-hard to get to some riders-thats why visitors experienced rides only once. -different facilities are old and un-attractive and need renovation -a lot of activities depend on weather-ask Echo about it -no substantial capital investment External environment Opportunities -focusing on delivering mainland Chinas visitors as well as foreign visitors -development of new transportation South Island Line (when-check case-and ask Echo about it) that would cause convenience and fast access direct to the Park for the foreign and local visitors. -plan to build a mass transit railway (MTR) station to connect OP to the subway grid -the development and improvement of the amusement machinery can impact the services and features of the organization and its relationship to their foreign visitors. raise the standards of park with Disneyland arrival fostering sponsorships plan for building new hotels (boutique and spa-type) orientation on luxury tourism new market segment Threats -economical instability (such as the Asian financial crisis of 1999-2001, lasted for 3 difficult years for OP ), outbreak of different diseases, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 (Both these factors can affect number of visitors and their buying behavior, worsening the park financial situation) -arrival of Disneyland Hong Kong -OP was situated on valuable real estate: it could be shut down and its land could be sold off for other recreational or commercial purposes. Recommendation p.6-7!!! (recommend to use this business connection for future purposes, such as building a subway line for the visitors (itll happen in 2007). Say, in 3 years Build a mass transit railway (MTR) station for connection to the subway grid. Till 2015) (recommend to start innovation process, it will take about 6 years). Say, in 5 years Wireless communications | Analysis Wireless communications | Analysis Introduction Without any doubt Wireless communications can be considered as the fastest growing segment in the communications industry. Due to, it has captured the interest of the media and the interest for most of the people all over the world. Wireless technology has a huge impact on our lives today more than ever before. In addition, Methods of communication have evolved along many years ago starting from the first attempts to communicate verbal and even to manage the modern technology for the advancement of the ability to communicate effectively with each other. Every time you make a phone call, using the television or the computer is leading to activate the role of wireless technology and benefit from its positive sides. The principle of wireless communication as a process of transferring a piece of information from one place to another by electronic technology is only the use of electronic systems to connect with life which is changing constantly. Furthermore, the ability to communicate with people has evolved significantly since Guglielmo Marconi was the first who established the radios ability to provide continuous contact with the ships sailing on the English Channel in 1897, and since that time new wireless communications services have been adopted by people throughout the whole world. Finally, a brief history of the evolution of the wireless communications throughout the world could be useful in order to appreciate the enormous impact that communication Services will have on all population over the next several centuries. It is also useful for a new user to the wireless communication systems field to understand the huge impact that people is making in the development of new communications systems, services, and technologies. Literature review The goal of many experts and communications technology people was to find some way to transfer messages over long distances without the need for wires, this dream became true in 1901 when Juliimo Marconi and two of his colleagues on a hilltop in Newfoundland listening in to a reception, and they have heard Morse code, which represents barely letter X, moved the reference to a distance of 1700 miles from Cornwall in England, and represented the first successful transition to wireless. The success of this called the establishment of Marconi technology for wireless communication. However, wireless did not generate a high return from a commercial point after the ship Titanic disaster in 1912, While the ship was sinking, the radio operator sent a distress signal on the ship through Tlgrafha wireless Carpithia captured ship that was nearby, and these signals had saved the life of the last 700 of the passengers on Titanics 2200, and after this disaster, shortly called the need for all institutions to provide the large vessels marine radios, and this experience has led to the invention of Marconi radio. By 1922 the number of radio stations that provide broadcast live on 564 stations, today transmitted to us thousands of radio stations and multiple programs. Moreover, wireless communications are based on modern technology and the computer is one of the main elements of this technology. Nowadays, the vast majority of schools usually equipped with computer labs to teach computer skills to their students, it is no longer unfamiliar to the student in first grade to have some knowledge of basic background about the computer. With the computers within a few seconds you can access information anywhere around the world. Today services come with opportunities to learn new information and new data for homes through wireless communications. Definitions of Wireless Communications â€Å"Wireless technology is a truly revolutionary paradigm shift, enabling multimedia communications between people and devices for many locations.† By Andrea Goldsmith â€Å"Wireless communications is a broad and dynamic field that has spurred tremendous excitement and technological advances over the last few decades.† By Andrea Goldsmith Wireless Communications Protocols in Wi-Fi Wireless It is known that the process of wires and wireless communications in computer networks are subject to specific rules to control the reception of information properly and without any loss or time delay during the exchange of that information. For example, the internet is working through a set of protocols known as TCP/IP and wireless networks to connect to specific protocols and particularly a collection of protocols of 802.11 and a Bluetooth protocols which is the most known of them . 802.11g Protocol is latest version of the protocol 802.11b, it also work on the 2.4 GHz frequency, the speed of transferring the data in this protocols is 54Mbps, and the devices that work through that protocols can work through the previous 802.11b protocol as well. However, it is preferable to link the wireless network by more than one protocol. 802.11a Protocol work through 5 GHz frequency which makes it less vulnerable to interference from the LNB or any other devices, but the cost of this is greater than any other systems. The Bluetooth Protocol is transmits data at low speed at 1Mbps and within no more than 10 meters. Also, it works through the left 2.4 GHz. 802.11n Protocol is the protocol`s future, which has not been approved so far. It is expected to achieve the speed of data transfer within a distance of 100Mbps, Wireless networks Wireless local area networks have supplemented or replace the wired networks in many places. For example, homes, business or campuses. Many new applications including wireless sensor networks, smart homes, and remote telemedicine are emerging from research ideas to actual systems. The explosive expansion of wireless systems has come with the proliferation of laptop and palmtop computers and this suggest a bright future for wireless networks. Technical issues To enable wireless applications in the future, many technical challenges must be addressed and these challenges have been developed across all aspects of system design. Wireless local area networks LANs support high speed data transmissions with in a small region for example, campus or small building as users moves from place to place. Wireless devices that access these LANs are typically stationary or moving at pedestrian speeds. Wireless LANs can have either a star architecture, with wireless access points or hubs placed throughout the coverage region, or a peer-to-peer architecture, where the wireless terminals self-configure into a network. Dozens of wireless LANs companies and products appeared in the early 1990s to capitalize on the â€Å"pent-up demand† for high speed wireless data. These first generation wireless LANs were based on propriety and incompatible protocols. Wide Area Wireless Data Services To high percentage of mobility users, this could provide many wireless data over a large coverage area. A geographical region in these systems is usually serviced by base stations placed on the top of towers, rooftops or mountains. The base stations can be connected to a back-bone wired network or from a multi-hop and hoc wireless network. Broadband Wireless Access It gives a high-rate in wireless communications between a specific access point and multiple stations. These systems were initially proposed to help interactive video service to the home; however the application then shifted to providing high speed data networks for both homes and business. Satellite Networks Commercial satellite systems are another major component of the wireless communications infrastructure. Narda Satellite Networks could be a good example. It is a manufacturer of high-quality military and commercial satellite communications equipment. Low-cost, low-power Radios: Bluetooth and ZigBee It becomes feasible to embed radios into more types of electronic devices, because they have decreases their cost and power consumption which can be used to create smart homes, sensor networks, and many other applications. Two radios have emerged to help and support this trend: Bluetooth and ZigBee. 1-Bluetooth radios give short range of connections between wireless network devices and basic networking capabilities. The Bluetooth normally based on a tiny microchip inside a radio transceiver which is built into some digital devices. Bluetooth is mainly for short-range communication. Take an example, from a laptop to nearby printer or from a cell phone to a wireless headset which is common used by many people nowadays. 2- ZigBee â€Å"The ZigBee radio specification is designed for lower cost and power consumption than Bluetooth its specification is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard†. I.Poole 2004 Finally, the main benefit of using the ZigBee is to provide radio operation for months or years without the need to recharging it. Ad Hoc Wireless Networks It can be defined as a collection of wireless mobile nodes that self-configure to form a network without the aid of any established infrastructure as show in the figure below The Merriam-Webster dictionary lists two relevant definitions for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks:†formed or used for specific or immediate problems†, and â€Å"fashioned from whatever is immediately available†. These definitions show us main benefits of ad hoc wireless networks. Firstly, they can be adapted to specific applications; second, they can be produced from any networks nodes that could be available. Ad Hoc wireless networks have another important benefit as well. They can avoid the installation, cost and maintenance of network infrastructure. An overview of the basic application for ad hoc wireless networks, as applications it usually look for many of the requirements of the design. I will concentrate on the following applications: data networks, home networks and device networks. 1- Data network Ad hoc wireless data networks basically helps in exchanging the data between laptop computers, palmtops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and other information devices. These data networks generally divided into three main categories based on the coverage area: LANs, MANs, and WANs (for â€Å"local†, â€Å"metropolitan†, and â€Å"wide† area networks. 2- Home networks Home networks is basically help to support communication between many devices like PCs, laptops, PDAs card-less phones, security and monitoring systems and entertainment systems anywhere in and around the home etc. Home networks could enable smart rooms that sense people movement and adjust light and heating consequently, as well as â€Å"aware homes† this feature network sensors and computers is for assistant living for elderly people or those with disabilities. 3- Device networks It provides a short-range wireless connections between devices, such networks are primarily intended to replace problematic cabled connections with wireless connections. â€Å"The main technology derivers for such networks are low-cost low-power radios with networking capabilities such as Bluetooth, ZigBee and ultra wide-band or UWB; the radios are integrated into commercial electronic devices to provide networking capabilities between devices†. J.Haartsen 2000. Conclusion and Discussion A new wireless communication technology has been presented. Some People might argued that